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一 选名词——从“经验”谈起

书籍名:《译海一粟:汉英翻译九百例》    作者:庄绎传
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    《译海一粟:汉英翻译九百例》一 选名词——从“经验”谈起,页面无弹窗的全文阅读!



这个题目有两层意思。一层意思是,从今天起,咱们开始交流经验。咱们是同行,有两种共同语言,可以说的话很多。来日方长,咱们慢慢聊。

另一层意思,就是和你探讨一下“经验”一词怎样译。我有一个毛病,脑子里装了很多对应词。比方说,一看见“经验”二字,马上想到experience,而且总觉得它最合适,也就不去想还有没有别的译法。现在咱们来看一下别人怎么译,好不好?

例1

这一段总结经济工作的经验,重点放在哪里?我看还是放在坚持改革开放上。(DⅢ368)

In reviewing the experience we have gained in economic work during this period, what should we emphasize? I think we should emphasize our experience in reform and opening up.(356)

例2

这方面也有国际经验嘛。好多国家都是这个样子,十年就跳出来了。(DⅢ368)

In this connection, we can follow the example of other countries. Many countries have progressed in this manner and lifted themselves out of poverty in only 10 years. (356-357)

例3

每年领导层都要总结经验,对的就坚持,不对的赶快改,新问题出来抓紧解决。(DⅢ372)

Every year leaders should review what they have done, continuing those measures that have proved correct, acting promptly to change those that have proved wrong and tackling new problems as soon as they are identified. (360)

例4

从我们自己这些年的经验来看,经济发展隔几年上一个台阶,是能够办得到的。(DⅢ376)

Judging from what we have accomplished in recent years, it should be possible for our economy to reach a new stage every few years. (364)

例5

改革、开放是一个新事物,没有现成的经验可以照搬,一切都要根据我国的实际情况来进行。(DⅢ248)

Reform and opening up are new undertakings, so we have no precedent to go by; all we can do is proceed in the light of the specific conditions in our country. (244)

例6

成功的经验鼓励了我们,增加了我们的信心。(DⅢ256)

Our successes have inspired us and strengthened our confidence. (251)

例1和我的想法一样,译文也用了experience一词。但下面几例用了follow the example/what they have done/what we have accomplished/precedent等译法。你是不是觉得这样译比较具体,和句子结合得更紧,因此也更通顺?例6中“经验”二字没有译,似乎并不影响意思的表达。

例7

实践是检验真理的唯一标准。(DⅢ382)

Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. (370)

例8

我们改革开放的成功,不是靠本本,而是靠实践,靠实事求是。(DⅢ382)

The reform and the open policy have been successful not because we relied on books, but because we relied on practice and sought truth from facts. (369)

例9

实践证明,步子放大些有利。当然步子大风险也就大。(DⅢ248)

Our experience indicates that it should be beneficial to go a little faster. Of course, a faster pace also means more risk. (244)

例10

总结国际关系的实践,最具有强大生命力的就是和平共处五项原则。(DⅢ96)

Looking at the history of international relations, we find that the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence have a potentially wide application. (102)

例11

我们现在真正要做的就是通过改革加快发展生产力,坚持社会主义道路,用我们的实践来证明社会主义的优越性。(DⅢ256)

What we need to do now is buckle down to developing the productive forces faster through reform, keep to the socialist road and demonstrate by our achievements the superiority of socialism. (252)

例12

社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明,中国反对霸权主义、强权政治,永不称霸。(DⅢ383)

Socialist China should show the world through its actions that it is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. (370)

例13

当然,随着实践的发展,该完善的完善,该修补的修补,但总的要坚定不移。(DⅢ371)

Of course, as the reform progresses, some of these policies should be improved or amended as necessary. But we should keep firmly to our general direction. (359-360)

“实践”一词,在汉语里用得很多。最直接的对应词就是practice,但在英语里,这个词用得不像汉语里那么多。有时用在译文里也是很恰当的,如例7和例8。但在更多的情况下,译者就根据上下文选用更具体的字眼了,如例9至例13。你是不是也有同样的感觉?

例14

我国拥有5000年灿烂的文明史,优秀文化和传统美德源远流长,丰富多彩。(L320)

With a splendid 5,000-year-old civilization, our nation's culture, traditions and values are extremely rich and diverse. (321)

例15

必须大胆吸收和借鉴人类社会创造的一切文明成果。(DⅢ373)

We should not hesitate to draw on the achievements of all cultures. (361)

例16

推动社会主义精神文明和物质文明全面发展。(文件)

We should fully promote socialist cultural and ethical progress and material progress.

例17

深化群众性精神文明创建活动。(文件)

We should conduct more public activities to promote cultural and ethical progress.

例18

公民文明素质和社会文明程度明显提高。(文件)

Both the level of civility of citizens and the moral and ethical standards of the whole society should be significantly raised.

例19

建设生态文明,是关系人民福祉、关乎民族未来的长远大计。(文件)

Promoting ecological progress is a long-term task of vital importance to the people's well-being and China's future.

见到“文明”一词,首先想到的是civilization。这个词该用的时候还是要用,如例14。如今“文明”一词在汉语里用得很多,其含义大都指文化方面的活动,或在某一领域做出的成绩,因此常用culture或progress之类的词来翻译。记得前几年,“精神文明”曾译作spiritual civilization,现已不用。不知你有没有这样的印象。

例20

上海在人才、技术和管理方面都有明显的优势,辐射面宽。(DⅢ376)

It enjoys obvious advantages in skilled people, technology and management and can have an impact over a wide area. (363)

例21

再一个是培养军队和地方两用人才,也是个顾全大局的问题。……我们军队培养了不少有专业技术的人才,把其中一些人才转到地方各行各业去,对地方也是个支援。(DⅢ100)

Another question is training people for both military and civilian jobs, which is also in the general interest…. The army has trained a large number of personnel with special skills, and transferring some of them to the civilian sector would provide support for local communities. (106)

例22

还有一个问题,发现和使用人才的问题。的确是人才难得啊。(DⅢ369)

Another problem is how to find and use professionally trained people. They are really hard to come by. (357)

例23

你们从下面上来,左邻右舍,上上下下,接触广泛,了解的人多。你们觉得是人才的,即使有某些弱点缺点,也要放手用。(DⅢ369)

You come from grass-roots units. When you worked there you knew or came into contact with all kinds of people, both at your own level and at other levels. If you think some of them are talented, even if they have certain weaknesses, you should not hesitate to employ them. (357)

例24

一个人才可以顶很大的事,没有人才什么事情也搞不好。(DⅢ369)

Trained people can be very useful; indeed, we can do nothing without them. (357)

例25

一九七五年我抓整顿,用了几个人才,就把几个方面的工作整顿得很有成效,局面就大不一样。(DⅢ369)

In 1975, when I was responsible for straightening things out in all fields of endeavour, I used a few capable people, and with their help I succeeded in restoring order in certain areas and making great changes. (357)

例26

我们现在不是人才多了,而是真正的人才没有很好地发现,发现了没有果断地起用。(DⅢ369)

The problem is that there aren't many truly competent people, we don't try hard enough to identify them, and when we do, we hesitate to employ them. (357)

例27

对每个人都会有不同的意见,不会完全一致。有缺点可以跟他谈清楚,要放手地用人。总的看,我们对使用人才的问题重视不够。(DⅢ369)

People may have different opinions about someone; complete agreement is not possible. But if a person has some weaknesses, we can point them out to him and meantime let him work. On the whole, we have not paid much attention to using capable people. (357)

例28

我建议中央总结一下用人的问题,尊重人才,广开进贤之路。(DⅢ369)

I suggest that you leading comrades review your experience in this regard, respect professionally trained people and recruit them in large numbers. (357)

例29

一个总结经验,一个使用人才,这两点是我的正式建议。(DⅢ369)

In short, I am formally suggesting that you review your experience and employ professionally trained people. (357)

我们常把“人才”和talent画等号,其实这是一种误解。在英语里,talent若指个人,那就是“天才”,若指一伙人,那就是一伙才干出众的人。而我们现在使用的“人才”一词,其含义的范围要广得多。因此最好不要轻易用talent。怎么办呢?

例20把“人才”和“技术、管理”相提并论,因此译作skilled people。例22至例29,这8个例子本是连在一起的,其中“人才”一词共提到11次,有professionally trained people/talented people/trained people/capable people/truly competent people等5种译法,以professionally trained people为主,用了3次,capable people用了2次。可见译者是在费尽心思,不断变换说法。英语有一个习惯,近距离内,用词不喜欢重复,这是一个很大的题目,以后还要详细讨论。不过假如我们在这段话里只用为主的那个译法,反复多次,整个译文会有多么别扭,就可想而知了。不信,你试试看。

例30

可以说,这个期间我国财富有了巨额增加,整个国民经济上了一个新的台阶。(DⅢ376)

It can be said that during this period China's wealth expanded considerably, and the economy as a whole was raised to a new level. (364)

例31

我国的对外政策是众所周知和持久不变的。(DⅢ70)

China's foreign policy is known to all, and it will remain unchanged. (79)

“我国”一词,可以译作our country,但在更多情况下,直接译作China,简洁、明确。

例32

中国人要振作起来。大陆已经有相当的基础。我们还有几千万爱国同胞在海外,他们希望中国兴旺发达,这在世界上是独一无二的。(DⅢ358)

We Chinese should bestir ourselves. The mainland has developed a solid economic foundation. Besides, we have tens of millions of overseas compatriots, and they want to see China grow strong and prosperous. We are unique in that respect. (345)

“中国人”一词译作we Chinese,听起来亲切。另外请注意,“在世界上”没有译。这不是漏译。当中国人说We are unique时,“在世界上”的意思已包含在内,若再加上in the world,就显得多余了。

例33

问题的核心是祖国的统一。和平统一已成为国共两党的共同语言。(DⅢ30)

The most important issue is the reunification of the motherland. Peaceful reunification has become the common aim of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. (40)

例34

台湾跟大陆争正统,不自量力。大家都应该想开点。我们已经想开了,提出“一国两制”。我们相信,最终将靠“一国两制”把我们国家统一起来。(DⅢ358)

Taiwan is contending with the mainland for authority over China. It really overestimates its strength. It would be better for both sides to be broad-minded. For our part, we have already shown our broad-mindedness by proposing the formula of "one country, two systems". We believe that eventually our motherland will be reunified on the basis of that principle. (345)

例35

历史最终会证明,帮助了我们的人,得到的利益不会小于他们对我们的帮助。(DⅢ80)

Time will prove that those who help us will benefit no less in return. (87)

例33“问题的核心”没有译作the crux of the matter,而译作the most important issue,“共同语言”译作the common aim。例34“大家”译作both sides。例35说的是中外经济合作问题,将“历史”一词译作time。你有没有觉得这几处译文都比原文用词来得具体,因此也与上下文结合得更紧密。另外,你注意到了没有,例34“一国两制”在原文中出现两次,而译文不重复,第二次译作that principle。这个问题以后也还要讨论。

例36

对于科学我是外行,但我是热心科学的。(DⅢ183)

I am a layman in science, but I am enthusiastic about promoting its development. (184)

例37

我是个外行,但我要感谢科技工作者为国家作出的贡献和争得的荣誉。(DⅢ378)

I am no professional, but I want to thank the scientists and engineers for their contributions to China and the honours they have won for our country. (365)

这两句话都是对科学家讲的。“外行”一词,一处译作layman,这也是我们首先想到的对应词。但另一处译作no professional。可见译者还是有选择余地的。

例38

不搞争论,是我的一个发明。不争论,是为了争取时间干。一争论就复杂了,把时间都争掉了,什么也干不成。(DⅢ374)

It was my idea to discourage contention, so as to have more time for action. Once disputes begin, they complicate matters and waste a lot of time. As a result, nothing is accomplished. (362)

“发明”一词用在这里只是一种俏皮的说法。译者用了一个通俗的字眼,用idea一笔带过,而不用引人注目的invention,大概是不想把读者的注意力吸引到这里来。

例39

我们的根本问题就是要坚持社会主义的信念和原则,发展生产力,改善人民生活,为此就必须开放。(DⅢ274)

For us, the basic task is to maintain socialist convictions and principles, expand the productive forces and raise the people's living standards. To accomplish this task, we must open our country to the outside world. (269)

此例将“问题”一词译作task。据《现代汉语规范词典》,“问题”可理解为“有待解决的疑难事情”。英语question一词诚然也有此义,但此处译作task,更为直截了当。

例40

农村改革中,我们完全没有预料到的最大的收获,就是乡镇企业发展起来了。(DⅢ238)

In the rural reform our greatest success—and it is one we had by no means anticipated—has been the emergence of a large number of enterprises run by villages and townships. (236)

“收获”一词在这里若译作harvest,是不是就十分费解了?

例41

农村义务教育管理体制改革的基本观点,就是要把“农村教育农民办”转变为“义务教育政府办”。(L245)

The main idea of the reforms was to change the situation of "farmers running rural education" to "government taking responsibility for compulsory education." (248)

此例原文“农民”一词译为farmer,这是当前通行的译法。本书有些例子将“农民”译作peasant,这是旧的译法,现在已不这样译。

例42

从长远看,粮食问题很重要,要通过改革解决农业发展后劲问题。(DⅢ192)

In the long run, grain production is very important to us. We should ensure the continued growth of agriculture through reform. (192)

例43

……不断增强长期发展后劲。(文件)

Taking these steps will enable us to sustain long-term development.

“后劲”是汉语里一个非常生动的字眼。从以上二例看,英语似乎没有对应词。此二例很有意思,不同的译者,前后相隔二十余年,他们的思路竟然如此相似,一定是因为在英语里找不到现成的词语可用,而不得不另辟蹊径了。由此可见,找不到可用的对应词时,可用其他词语加以衬托,以表达原意。

例44

我从十二岁起,便在镇口的咸亨酒店里当伙计,掌柜说,样子太傻,怕侍候不了长衫主顾,就在外面做点事罢。(孔乙己)

At the age of twelve I started work as a waiter in Prosperity Tavern, at the entrance to the town. The tavern keeper said I looked too foolish to serve the long-gowned customers, so I was given work in the outer room.

此例有两个译文。第一次发表时,“掌柜”一词译作boss,第二次发表时,还是原来的译者,将它改为tavern keeper。可能为了适合小镇酒店这一氛围,第二个译法更胜一筹。

例45

搞社会主义,中心任务是发展社会生产力。(DⅢ130)

In building socialism the central task is to develop the productive forces. (134)

例46

只有不断发展社会生产力,国家才能一步步富强起来,人民生活才能一步步改善。(DⅢ328)

Only by constantly developing the productive forces can a country gradually become strong and prosperous with a rising standard of living. (318)

例47

行政体制改革是推动上层建筑适应经济基础的必然要求。(文件)

Reform of the administrative system is a necessary requirement for making the superstructure compatible with the economic base.

例48

我国的经济发展,总要力争隔几年上一个台阶。(DⅢ375)

In developing the economy, we should strive to reach a higher level every few years. (363)

例49

我们特区的经济从内向转到外向,现在还是刚起步,所以能出口的好的产品还不多。(DⅢ133)

We have only just begun to shift the economy of our special economic zones from a domestic orientation to an external orientation, and so we still don't have many good, exportable products. (137)

例50

近十几年来我国科技进步不小,希望在九十年代,进步得更快。(DⅢ378)

Over the past decade China has made substantial progress in science and technology; I hope still greater progress can be made in the 1990s. (365)

我们看了这么多例子,一直强调不能眼睛只盯着对应词,而要找到最适合上下文的字眼,译者有很大的选择余地。最后六个例子恰好说明另外一种情况:有些词语在英语里是有固定说法的,是不能随意改动的。“社会生产力”就是the productive forces,不需要加上social一词。“经济基础”若与“上层建筑”相提并论,一定是the economic base,不能用basis,更不能用foundation。还有在谈到国家或地区的经济时,在说几十年代的时候,那个定冠词the是一定不能省的,在这里顺便提醒一下,不知你注意到了没有。

看了以上这些例子,我意识到我那个毛病也得改改了。不能满脑子都是对应词,以为对号入座就行了。原来几乎可以说整个翻译的过程就是一个选择的过程,选完了名词选动词,选完了单词选句型,这样说不行,还要选另一种说法。总之,能够拿过来就用的现成说法所占比例很小。译者总是要不断选择,权衡利弊,以便找到最恰当的词语,拿出一份较好的译文。这也就是我为什么在题目里突出一个“选”字。


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