五 并列：用连词
《译海一粟：汉英翻译九百例》五 并列：用连词,页面无弹窗的全文阅读!
上一次我们讨论过，一个句子要有主语，有谓语，而且要互相吻合。这种关系很重要，可以称之为主谓结构。简单一点的句子只有一个主谓结构，就完了。稍微复杂一点的句子，则可能有两个或更多的主谓结构，这种情况下的主谓结构可以叫做“分句”。用通俗一点的话说，就是一个句子里包含着几个短句。有时并不是几个短句，而是一个主语，后面带着几个谓语。这些分句或谓语都是并列的，分不出高低，一个个摆在那里。这种句子，汉语和英语都在用。但仔细一看，英语的表达方式和汉语有所不同。
例1
世界在变化，我们的思想和行动也要随之而变。（DⅢ274）
The world is changing, and we should change our thinking and actions along with it. (269)
例2
一九四九年，中国结束了屈辱的历史，中华民族站起来了。（DⅢ269）
In 1949 China put an end to its history of humiliation, and the Chinese nation stood up. (264)
例3
我们是在一个贫穷的大国里进行改革的，这在世界上没有先例。（DⅢ266）
We are carrying out reform in a vast, poor country, and there is no precedent for this anywhere in the world. (261)
例4
第二个目标是在本世纪末达到小康水平，第三个目标是在下个世纪的五十年内达到中等发达国家水平。（DⅢ256）
The second objective is to secure a relatively comfortable life for our people by the end of the century, and the third is to reach the level of moderately developed countries in the first 50 years of the next century. (251-252)
例5
贫穷不是社会主义，发展太慢也不是社会主义。否则社会主义有什么优越性呢？（DⅢ255）
Poverty is not socialism, and development that is too slow is not socialism either. If they were, how would socialism be superior? (250)
例6
这个政策很见效，我们要坚持到底。（DⅢ162）
This policy has produced good results, and we shall follow it forever. (165)
例7
不争论，大胆地试，大胆地闯。农村改革是如此，城市改革也应如此。（DⅢ374）
Don't argue; try bold experiments and blaze new trails. That's the way it was with rural reform, and that's the way it should be with urban reform. (362)
例8
改革总会出现一些问题，有了问题就要进行调整。（DⅢ248）
Problems will always crop up during the reform process, and adjustments will be made to solve them. (244)
例9
中华人民共和国没有民族歧视，我们对西藏的政策是真正立足于民族平等。（DⅢ246）
In the People's Republic of China there is no discrimination against different nationalities, and our policy in Tibet is based on genuine equality of the nationalities. (242)
例10
周氏：夫妻呀，就要挑那个能做夫妻的，做夫妻。这位李小姐性情温和，也生得是个有福的相。（家18）
Zhou: Marriage is only for those who are made for it. The bride, Miss Li, is such a sweet-natured girl, and her looks are supposed to augur good fortune too.
以上十个例子，每个例子都有两个并列分句。原文和译文都是这样。有什么区别吗？你看出来了没有？对了。加了一个and，这个and是一定要加的，不加会很别扭，但译者往往会忽略这一点。你再回去看看原文，并没有“和”之类的连词，这就是汉语，不需要用连词。假如你放一个“和”字在那里，会有多么别扭。这么一想，你就会知道如果译文不加这个and，会有多么别扭。记住这一条，你就不会再忽略这个and了。
例11
老科学家、中年科学家很重要，青年科学家也很重要。（DⅢ378）
Veteran and middle-aged scientists are important, and so are young ones. (366)
这是一个常用的句型，and连接两个并列分句，第二个分句是个倒装句，用so开始。英国语言学家Michael Swan在Practical English Usage一书中专门介绍这一句型，举了两个例子：
I was fired, and so were the others.
"I have a headache." "So have I."
由此可见，若两个并列分句放在一个句子里，出自一人之口，要用and。若在对话中，两人各说一句，就是独立的句子，就不加and了。这一点值得注意。
例12
我们坚定不移地实行对外开放政策，在平等互利的基础上积极扩大对外交流。（DⅢ3）
We shall unswervingly follow a policy of opening to the outside world and increase our exchanges with foreign countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. (15)
例13
对于开放可能带来的消极影响，我们的头脑是清醒的，不是盲目的。（DⅢ114）
We are soberly aware of the possible negative effects of the open policy and will not ignore them. (119-120)
例14
城市改革实际上是整个经济体制的改革，这是要冒很大风险的。（DⅢ130）
In fact, the urban reform is a reform of the economic structure as a whole and is very risky. (134)
例15
可以胆子大点，发展快点。（DⅢ165）
You should be more daring and work for faster development. (168)
例16
我们要坚持百家争鸣的方针，允许争论。不同学派之间要相互尊重，取长补短。（DⅡ57）
We must adhere to the policy of "letting a hundred schools of thought contend", and promote debate. Different schools of thought should respect and complement each other.(70)
例17
伯承早年从军，戎马一生。在辛亥革命后的护国护法战争中，他就是“手执青锋卫共和”的一员猛将。（DⅢ185）
Bocheng joined the army when he was very young and served in it his whole life. After the Revolution of 1911 he participated in the campaigns to protect the Republic and uphold the Provisional Constitution, proving himself a valiant soldier. (185)
以上六例，除最后一句，每句都有两个谓语，用and连接起来。最后一句，and连接的不是两个谓语，而是谓语中的两个动词不定式。而在原文中相应的位置上都是没有连词的。
连词and除了用来连接并列分句和并列谓语之外，还可连接许多其他并列词语。
例18
总之，我们诚心诚意地希望不发生战争，争取长时间的和平，集中精力搞好国内的四化建设。（DⅢ57）
In short, we sincerely hope that no war will break out and that peace will be long-lasting, so that we can concentrate on the drive to modernize our country. (67)
例19
我衷心希望你们把发展生产力、调动人民的积极性作为中心。（DⅢ270）
I sincerely hope that you will concentrate on expanding the productive forces and arousing the initiative of your people.(265)
例20
中国的事情要按照中国的情况来办，要依靠中国人自己的力量来办。（DⅢ3）
China's affairs should be run according to China's specific conditions and by the Chinese people themselves. (14)
例21
我们的科学家、教师发现人才，培养人才，本身就是一种成就，就是对国家的贡献。（DⅡ96）
The discovery and training of talented people by our scientists and teachers is in itself an achievement and a contribution to the country. (107)
例22
我们坚信，香港同胞、澳门同胞不仅有智慧、有能力、有办法把特别行政区管理好、建设好，也一定能在国家事务中发挥积极作用，同全国各族人民一道共享做中国人的尊严和荣耀。（文件）
We are convinced that our compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao not only have the wisdom, ability and resourcefulness to successfully govern and develop the two regions; they can certainly also play an active role in national affairs and share with other people of all ethnic groups in China the dignity and glory of being Chinese.
以上五例，and连接的有that引导的并列从句、并列动名词、并列介词短语、并列名词和并列动词。最后一例尤其有趣。原文只用了一个“和”字，而译文却用了五个and，足显两种语言之差异。
并列的词语可能超过两个，比如说三个、四个，甚至更多，是不是每一个后面都要加一个and呢？
例23
要让全党和全国人民懂得，这是很艰苦的工作，十全十美的方针、十全十美的办法是没有的，面临的都是新事物、新问题，经验靠我们自己创造。（DⅢ263）
We should make it clear to the Party membership and the people that the reform is a hard task, that there are no perfect policies or methods, that we are dealing with new problems and that we have to learn from experience. (258)
例24
同时，我们保持清醒的头脑，坚决抵制外来腐朽思想的侵蚀，决不允许资产阶级生活方式在我国泛滥。（DⅢ3）
At the same time, we shall keep clear heads, firmly resist corruption by decadent ideas from abroad and never permit the bourgeois way of life to spread in our country. (15)
例25
今后一个长时期，至少是到本世纪末的近二十年内，我们要抓紧四件工作：进行机构改革和经济体制改革，实现干部队伍的革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化；建设社会主义精神文明；打击经济领域和其他领域内破坏社会主义的犯罪活动；在认真学习新党章的基础上，整顿党的作风和组织。（DⅢ3）
For a long time to come, at least for the 18 years till the end of the century, we must devote every effort to the following four undertakings: to restructure the administration and the economy and make our ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger, better educated and more competent professionally; to build a socialist society that is culturally and ideologically advanced; to combat economic and other crimes that undermine socialism; and to rectify the Party's style of work and consolidate its organization on the basis of a conscientious study of the new Party Constitution. (15)
例26
最近我们决定放开肉、蛋、菜、糖四种副食品价格，先走一步。（DⅢ262）
Recently we decided to take the first step and to lift controls over the prices of four kinds of non-staple foods: meat, eggs, vegetables and sugar. (257)
这四个例子，第一例有四个并列从句，第二例有三个并列谓语动词，第三例有四个并列动词不定式，第四例有四个并列名词。遇到这种多个并列成分连用的情况，只用一个and就够了，加在最后一个并列成分的前面。顺便说一下，一连串名词连用，只用逗号分开，不加and的情况，偶尔也有，只是不多见罢了。
有没有该加and而不加的情况呢？
例27
“一个国家，两种制度”的构想不是今天形成的，而是几年以前，主要是在我们党的十一届三中全会以后形成的。（DⅢ67）
The "one country, two systems" concept was not formulated today. It has been in the making for several years now, ever since the Third Plenary Session of our Party's Eleventh Central Committee. (76)
例28
我们提出“一个国家，两种制度”的构想，也考虑到解决国际争端应该采取什么办法。因为世界上这里那里有很多疙瘩，很难解开。我认为有些国际争端用这种办法解决是可能的。（DⅢ68）
When we developed the concept of "one country, two systems", we also considered what methods could be used to resolve international disputes. There are so many issues all over the globe that are tangled in knots and very difficult to solve. It is possible, I think, that some of them might be disentangled by this method. (77)
例29
所以我说，按照“一国两制”的方针解决统一问题后，对香港、澳门、台湾的政策五十年不变，五十年之后还会不变。（DⅢ217）
That is why I say that after the motherland is reunified under the "one country, two systems" formula, our policy towards Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan will not change for 50 years and that it will remain unchanged even beyond that period. (216)
例30
全面准确贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”高度自治的方针。（文件）
We must fully and faithfully implement the principle of "one country, two systems", under which the people of Hong Kong govern Hong Kong and the people of Macao govern Macao and both regions enjoy a high degree of autonomy.
例31
“一国两制”实践取得举世公认的成功。（文件）
The success of the "one country, two systems" principle has won global recognition.
“一国两制”这一提法，从提出到现在已有三十余年，其间文字上有些变化。原来是八个字，后来简化为四个字，原来是构想，后来是方针，有时也说是政策。但引号中的译文始终没有变，看来这个译文是经得住时间考验的。
例32
一个国家，两种制度（题目）（DⅢ58）
ONE COUNTRY, TWO SYSTEMS (68)
例33
尊重知识，尊重人才（题目）（DⅡ40）
RESPECT KNOWLEDGE, RESPECT TRAINED PERSONNEL (53)
例34
他们的口号是“时间就是金钱，效率就是生命”。（DⅢ51）
Their slogan is "Time is money, efficiency is life." (61)
例35
现在我们的方针政策已经明确，我们的口号是少说空话，多做工作。（DⅡ112）
Our current principles and policies are clearly defined, and our motto is "less talk, more action”. (123)
以上数例，重点讨论的部分，有的是方针政策，有的是题目，有的是口号。从语法结构来看，有的是并列名词短语，有的是并列动宾结构，有的是并列分句。它们的共同特点是：都很短，只有两三个词，而且结构对称，译文也是这样。在这种情况下，中间用逗号，不加and。
例36
同样数量的劳动力，在同样的劳动时间里，可以生产出比过去多几十倍几百倍的产品。社会生产力有这样巨大的发展，劳动生产率有这样大幅度的提高，靠的是什么？最主要的是靠科学的力量、技术的力量。（DⅡ87）
With the same manpower and the same number of manhours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. What has brought about the tremendous advances in the productive forces and the vast increase in labour productivity? Mainly the power of science, the power of technology. (100)
这个例子很有意思。这里一共有三个句子，第一、二句，译文各加了一个and。第三句回答第二句what提出的问题，译文不是一个完整的句子，而是一个省略句，只有两个并列名词短语，中间用逗号，没有加and。
我觉得，这里这样处理简洁有力，并不是译者有所疏忽。而且技术可以说是科学的一部分，比科学更为具体。还有没有其他情况，可以不用and？
例37
和许多忧国忧民之士一样，他从自己的切身经历中看清楚了，要谋求中华民族的独立和中国人民的解放，除了走共产党指引的道路，别无他途。（DⅢ188）
Like many who were concerned about the destiny of their country and their people, he saw clearly from his own experience that the only way to make China independent and to liberate the Chinese people was to follow the course charted by the Communist Party; there was no alternative. (188)
例38
我们的国家是有希望的。我们的目标，第一步是到二○○○年建立一个小康社会。雄心壮志太大了不行，要实事求是。（DⅢ161）
The prospects for our country are bright. Our first objective is to make the nation comparatively well-off by the year 2000. We cannot set our sights too high; we have to be realistic. (164)
例39
用多种形式把所有权和经营权分开，以调动企业积极性，这是改革的一个很重要的方面。（DⅢ192）
To stimulate the initiative of the enterprises, we have to separate ownership from management in various ways; that is a very important part of the reform. (192)
例40
金融改革的步子要迈大一些。要把银行真正办成银行。我们过去的银行是货币发行公司，是金库，不是真正的银行。（DⅢ193）
Great advances should be made in the reform of the banking system. Banks should perform all the functions of banks. Yet ours have not been banks in the true sense of the word; they have only issued currency and held reserves. (193)
例41
借外债不可怕，但主要要用于发展生产，如果用于解决财政赤字，那就不好。（DⅢ193）
It is not so terrible to borrow foreign funds. The most important thing is to use them to develop production; it would be wrong to use them to reduce the deficit. (193)
以上五例，译文各用一个分号。分号表示一句话中间并列分句之间的停顿。既然如此，也就不用and了。
上面我们讨论了用and连接并列分句以及其他并列成分的问题。除了and，还有没有其他连词可用呢？
英国Randolph Quirk等四位语言学家著有A Grammar of Contemporary English。这是一部权威性的语法著作。他们在9.28节中说："We regard three conjunctions as coordinators: and, or, but." Michael Swan在Practical English Usage一书中有一节专门谈conjunctions。他说："And, but and or are often called 'co-ordinating conjunctions.' They join pairs of clauses that are grammatically independent of each other."
上面我们已经看了许多关于and的例子，下面我们再简单地看一下but和or的用法吧。
例42
所谓小康社会，就是虽不富裕，但日子好过。（DⅢ161）
Being comparatively well-off doesn't mean that we shall live in affluence, but we shall live better than we do now. (164)
例43
中国的人均耕地面积在世界上是比较少的，你们比我们更少，但是搞得很好，成为一个农产品出口大国，我们要向你们学习。（DⅢ232）
China's average per capita amount of arable land is small, and yours is even smaller, but you have been successful in your work, and your country has become a big exporter of farm products. So we should learn from you. (230)
并列连词but表示语气的转折。例42加了一个but，例43加了两个and之外，也用了一个but。此二例原文都有“但”或“但是”，照译无妨，自然要用but。
例44
我们既要有“只争朝夕”的进取精神，又要有“长期坚持”的思想准备。（L153）
We need the aggressive "go for it" spirit, but also be mentally prepared for a long, hard slog. (151)
例45
过去我们满脑袋框框，现在就突破了。（DⅢ261）
Our heads used to be full of conventional ideas, but now we have broken free of them. (255)
例46
小错误难免，避免犯大错误。（DⅢ229）
Minor errors are inevitable, but we should try to avoid major ones. (227)
例47
当时有的干部对执行这一任务有顾虑，伯承对他们说，这个行动可以把敌人吸引到我们身上来，减轻兄弟野战军的压力。釜底抽薪，焉能惧怕烫手，即使作出牺牲，也义无反顾。伯承这种态度，堪称执行党的各项决议和中央战略方针的典范。（DⅢ186）
Some cadres hesitated before this prospect, but Bocheng explained the situation to them. "If we do this," he said, "we can draw the enemy to ourselves and make it easier for the other field armies. How can you take hot embers out from under a pot if you are afraid of burning your fingers? Even if we have to make sacrifices, we should not begrudge them." In carrying out the Party's resolutions and strategies, Bocheng set a fine example.(186)
例48
觉慧：你永远感觉不到我所感到的压迫。过去我们是弟兄，现在我们是路人。（家230）
Juehui: Oh, you will never understand the pressure I feel. We may have been brothers, but we are now strangers.
以上五例，原文都没有“但”或“但是”之类的字样，译文都根据语气转折的需要而加了but。例47把间接引语译成直接引语，he said不是放在句子开头，而是放在两段引语之间，值得注意。
例49
任何外国不要指望中国做他们的附庸，不要指望中国会吞下损害我国利益的苦果。（DⅢ3）
No foreign country should expect China to be its vassal or to accept anything that is damaging to China's own interests. (14-15)
此例译文加了or，连接两个动词不定式，它起的作用和and是一样的，只起连接作用。只是因为这是一个否定句，所以才用or。如果改为肯定句，前半句改为：Some country expects，这里就不用or，而用and了。
例50
觉新：你出去干什么呢？（家312）
Juexin: But what will you do once you get away?
觉慧：我也许读书，也许做别的。好，我走了。
Juehui: I may go on studying, or do something else. All right. I'll be going now.
这个or连接两个并列的谓语动词。这是一个肯定句，or的确表示尚未确定，还有选择的余地。
例51
胆子还是要大，没有胆量搞不成四个现代化。（DⅢ229）
We have to be daring, or we shall never be able to modernize.(227)
这里用的这个or，和前面两个or又不一样。它的意思相当于otherwise。它在这里不但起到连接作用，连接两个并列分句，而且表示“假如没有胆量”的意思。
今天我们讨论了并列结构。一个句子里面包含几个并列分句，或一个主语带几个并列谓语。这种句子结构在汉语和英语里都很常见，只不过在汉语里用得更为广泛。之所以在这里立一个题目，提出来谈一谈，是因为同为并列结构，还有一点差异，那就是汉语不用连词，而英语要用连词。国人不大注意，容易忽略这一点，现在提醒一下。上面讨论得够多了，就不多说了。
在这里，我想借此机会谈一谈翻译实践的问题。
我国翻译家傅雷先生在《翻译经验点滴》一文中说道：“翻译重在实践”。这也是一句颠扑不破的真理。
十多年前，我为全国高等教育自学考试编过一套《英汉翻译教程》。有一天，一位辅导老师对我说：那些学生只看你怎么翻，自己并不动手。我听了，大为惊讶。赶紧在《英语学习》杂志上发了一篇短文，说明哪有在岸上学会游泳的道理。常言道，熟能生巧。不做，怎能做得好。通过实践，取得经验，才能提高。
听说有的部门不但有大量的翻译实践，而且利用工作间隙，组织译员切磋译艺，寻找规律，总结经验，互相交流，感到收获很大，效果很好。我觉得这里面体现了一个由直接实践产生第一手经验，又由感性认识提高到理性认识的过程。再用这样的理性认识来指导实践的时候，帮助是很大的。
研究别人的译文，也是一种实践，或者可以称为间接实践。通过间接实践，可以汲取别人的经验，和自己的第一手经验结合起来，再提高到理性认识，再来做翻译的时候，就会更加得心应手了。