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四 主语

书籍名:《译海一粟:汉英翻译九百例》    作者:庄绎传
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从现在开始,咱们来讨论句子结构方面的问题,首先讨论主语。主语的使用体现着汉英两种语言的一个重大差异。汉语的句子可以有主语也可以没有主语,直接以动词说事,主语自明。这种没有主语的句子叫做无主句。英语句子一般都要有主语,其余的部分,从内容到形式都要围着主语转,动词或分词是否与主语搭配,动词是用单数还是用复数,都是主语决定的。它可真是一句之主。因此,一个句子要译得好,非先把主语安排好不可。

(一)原文句子没有主语怎么办?

很简单,给它加上一个就是了。问题是怎么加。

例1

中心点是从以阶级斗争为纲转到以发展生产力为中心,从封闭转到开放,从固守成规转到各方面的改革。(DⅢ269)

The main points were that we should shift the focus of our work from class struggle to expansion of the productive forces, that we should replace the closed-door policy with an open policy and that we should abandon old conventions and carry out reform in every field. (264)

例2

要经过若干年的努力,体现出社会主义的优越性,体现出我们走社会主义道路走得对。(DⅢ255)

We shall have to work hard for a number of years to demonstrate the superiority of socialism and to show that we are right to take the socialist road. (251)

例3

我们这些人能做的工作,只是为大家创造条件。有了干扰,就排除它一下。发现有什么东西束缚了大家,帮助大家想点办法,解放出来。工作还是要靠大家去做。希望大家放开手脚,把经济搞上去,把生产力搞上去。(DⅢ109)

What people like us can do is to create favourable conditions for you. When you meet an obstacle, we should remove it. If anything is hobbling you in your work, we should find a way of freeing you from it. We rely on you to do the work. I hope that you will boldly push the economy ahead and expand the productive forces. (115)

这三个例子讲的都是怎样建设国家的事,前两个例子,只要用we作主语就行了。最后一例比较复杂:其中第二句的意思是“你们有了干扰,我们就排除它一下”,最后一句的意思是“我希望大家……”但主语都没有说出来。因此译者就在该补的地方分别补了you, we和I作主语。

例4

经验很多,从各省的报刊材料看,都有自己的特色。这样好嘛,就是要有创造性。(DⅢ372)

Judging from the local press, the provinces have gained considerable experience, each proceeding in light of its own particular features. That's good. Creativity is just what we want.(360)

例5

现在有一个问题,就是形式主义多。电视一打开,尽是会议。(DⅢ381)

One of our problems today is formalism. Every time you turn on the television, you see a meeting being held. (369)

例6

对改革开放,一开始就有不同意见,这是正常的。不只是经济特区问题,更大的问题是农村改革,搞农村家庭联产承包,废除人民公社制度。(DⅢ374)

In the beginning opinions were divided about the reform and the open policy. That was normal. The difference was not only over the special economic zones but also over the bigger issues, such as the rural reform that introduced the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output and abolished the system of people's communes. (362)

例7

全面实施素质教育也包括幼儿教育,不能把托儿所、幼儿园单纯看成是幼儿托管场所,把幼儿教师看做保姆。(L287)

Given that character education includes education of toddlers, nurseries and kindergartens should not function as mere care-taking facilities, neither should their teachers act as mere care-providers. (292)

这几个例子,原文都没有主语,但前三例都有一个“有”字,后一例有一个“把”字。译者就分别把它们后面的名词“创造性”(creativity)、“一个问题”(one of our problems)、“意见”(opinions)、“托儿所、幼儿园”(nurseries and kindergartens)和“幼儿教师”(their teachers)用作主语了。这几个词在原文里大概都可以算作“宾语”。看起来,翻译无主句,把宾语当主语是个好办法。顺便提一下,例5我们也许会译作There is a problem,那就不如现在的译文,加了一个our,一下子就把问题跟在场的人连系上了,马上引起他们的注意。“有”字引导的句子,常可译作there is…,大家都很熟悉,就不啰嗦了。

例8

自此以后,又长久没有看见孔乙己。到了年关,掌柜取下粉板说,“孔乙己还欠十九个钱呢!”到第二年的端午,又说“孔乙己还欠十九个钱呢!”到中秋可是没有说,再到年关也没有看见他。(孔乙己)

A long time went by after that without our seeing Kung again. At the end of the year, when the tavern keeper took down the board, he said, "Kung I-chi still owes nineteen coppers!" At the Dragon Boat Festival the next year, he said the same thing again. But when the Mid-Autumn Festival came, he did not mention it. And another New Year came round without our seeing any more of him.

此例共有三句话。原文中间一句有“掌柜”作主语,第一句和第三句的后半句则没有主语,但这里所涉及的不光是掌柜,还涉及众人。译者就把第一句里的“长久”(a long time)和第三句里的“年关”(another New Year)拉出来作主语了。用时间作主语,这也不失为一条出路。

如果在句子里没有现成的词可以拿来作主语,那就看一看有没有什么线索可以利用。

例9

所以,能发展就不要阻挡,有条件的地方要尽可能搞快点,只要是讲效益,讲质量,搞外向型经济,就没有什么可以担心的。(DⅢ375)

Therefore, those areas that are in a position to develop should not be obstructed. Where local conditions permit, development should proceed as fast as possible. There is nothing to worry about as long as we stress efficiency and quality and develop an exportoriented economy. (363)

此例译文分为三句。第一句原文没有主语,也没有哪个词能抓出来当主语。第二句原文有主语“有条件的地方”。既然如此,第一句里的“能发展”不就可以理解为“能发展的地方”吗?大概就是这个原因,第一句译成了those areas that…。第三句比较长,也都没有主语,译文加了we,还用了there is句式。

例10

问题的核心是祖国统一。和平统一已成为国共两党的共同语言。但不是我吃掉你,也不是你吃掉我。我们希望国共两党共同完成民族统一,大家都对中华民族作出贡献。(DⅢ30)

The most important issue is the reunification of the motherland. Peaceful reunification has become the common aim of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The idea is not that one party should swallow up the other. We hope the two Parties will work together for national reunification and both contribute to the Chinese nation. (40)

此例本来就是四句话。只有第三句原文没有主语,也没有可以借用的词。仔细研究一下,就会发现其中所说的“我吃掉你”和“你吃掉我”都是说的意图或目的。英语the idea意思正相当于aim或purpose,用在这里恰到好处。后面的话,译文为了避免过于重复,就不提你我,合在一起了。这也是翻译过程中常用的一种手法,以后再谈。

(二)如果原文句子有主语,是不是只管照译就行了?

那可不一定,有时可以,有时就不行了。关键是要看原文的主语和谓语在英语里能不能搭配,也要看上下文的需要。

例11

鲁镇的酒店的格局,是和别处不同的:都是当街一个曲尺形的大柜台,柜里面预备着热水,可以随时温酒。(孔乙己)

The layout of Luzhen's taverns is unique. In each, facing you as you enter, is a bar in the shape of a carpenter's square where hot water is kept ready for warming rice wine. (1956版)

The wine shops of Luchen are not like those in other parts of China. They all have a right-angled counter facing the street, where hot water is kept ready for warming wine. (1960版)

这句话有两个译文,第一个译文以the layout作主语,后来修订再版时,还是原来的译者,却改以the wine shops作主语了。我觉得这其中的奥妙大概是以shops作主语,一下子就把读者的注意力集中到“鲁镇的酒店”上面。其实“格局”二字并不重要,在第二个译文里就根本没有出现。以shops作主语也便于引出下文,第二句直接以they作主语就行了。

例12

所以,社会主义必须大力发展生产力,逐步消灭贫穷,不断提高人民的生活水平。(DⅢ10)

Accordingly, in building socialism we must do all we can to develop the productive forces and gradually eliminate poverty, constantly raising the people's living standards. (21)

例13

社会主义发展生产力,成果是属于人民的。(DⅢ255)

Under socialism, when the productive forces are developed, the result belongs to the people. (250)

此二例都以“社会主义”作主语,后面接各种动词。但在译文中,以socialism作主语,做各种具体的事情,是不行的。因此,第一例根据上下文,加we作主语,第二例将前半句变成状语,以后半句为主句,以the result作主语。

例14

一九七八年我们党的十一届三中全会对过去作了系统的总结,提出了一系列新的方针政策。(DⅢ269)

In 1978, at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh CPC Central Committee, we made a systematic review of our past work and put forth a series of new principles and policies. (264)

例15

十一届三中全会制定了这样的一系列方针政策,走上了新的道路。这些政策概括起来,就是改革和开放。(DⅢ266)

Accordingly, at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, we formulated a series of principles and policies and thus took a new path. These policies can be summarized as reform and opening up. (261)

汉语可以让会议做各种具体的事情,英语则不行,因此都加we作主语。

例16

这就是二野的历史。二野担了重担,完成了任务,没有辜负党和人民的委托。苦头是吃了不少,但是困难都胜利度过了。(DⅢ343)

That's the history of the Second Field Army. We shouldered heavy loads and fulfilled our tasks, living up to the expectations of the Party and the people. We suffered great hardships, but we surmounted all our difficulties. (332)

原文第二句以“二野”为主语。但这是二野主要负责人之一在说话,句中提到一系列具体动作,因此译文既未重复the Second Field Army,也未用it作主语,而是改用we作主语,这比较合乎英语的习惯,听起来也比较亲切。

例17

每一行都树立一个明确的战略目标,一定要打赢。(DⅢ378)

People in every field of endeavour should set a clear-cut strategic goal and reach it. (365)

这一句说的是我国的科技进步。但在译文里,以“每一行”作主语来完成后面的动作是不行的,换言之,主谓这样搭配是不行的,因此加了people作主语。

例18

改革开放迈不开步子,不敢闯,说来说去就是怕资本主义的东西多了,走了资本主义道路。要害是姓“资”还是姓“社”的问题。(DⅢ372)

The reason some people hesitate to carry out the reform and the open policy and dare not break new ground is, in essence, that they're afraid it would mean introducing too many elements of capitalism and, indeed, taking the capitalist road. The crux of the matter is whether the road is capitalist or socialist. (360)

原文的主语“改革开放”在译文中变成了宾语,另外加了the reason和some people分别在不同层次上充当主语。

例19

同时,我们的对外开放采取了多种方式,包括搞经济特区,开放十四个沿海城市。(DⅢ239)

In the mean time, we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways, including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 coastal cities. (236)

原文的主谓关系在译文中无法保留,因此以we作主语,和implement搭配。

例20

只有规模化的生产和现代化的产业链,才能保证食品安全,保持竞争力,引导农民走向国内外市场。(L207)

Only with large-scale production and a modern industrial chain can we ensure food safety, maintain our competitive edge, and lead farmers to markets at home and abroad. (211)

例21

改革没有万无一失的方案,问题是要搞得比较稳妥一些,选择的方式和时机要恰当。(DⅢ267)

There is no perfect programme for reform. The important thing is to act prudently, apply proper methods and choose the right timing. (262)

此例译文用了there is结构,把reform用作宾语,这样比用reform作主语好安排句子。此外,“问题”一词用在这里,并不是说出了什么问题。《现代汉语词典》中“问题”条第三义项的解释是:关键;重要之点。因此,在这里译作the important thing是十分恰当的。

例22

改革的势头好,要坚持搞下去,这个路子必须走。今后即使出现风波,甚至出现大的风波,改革也必须坚持。否则,下一个十年没有希望。(DⅢ132)

The reform has been going well, and we must keep at it: we must continue on this path. Even if disturbances, major disturbances, occur, reform must continue. Otherwise, we shall accomplish nothing over the next decade. (135-136)

此例译文从一开始就用reform作主语,后面的文章就好做了。这和例11中“鲁镇的酒店的格局”颇有异曲同工之妙。你说是不是?

例23

我们国家,国力的强弱,经济发展后劲的大小,越来越取决于劳动者的素质,取决于知识分子的数量和质量。(DⅢ120)

Our national strength and sustained economic development depend more and more on the educational qualifications of the working people and on the quantity and quality of intellectuals. (126)

译文直接以national strength和sustained economic development为主语,简洁、有力。这并不是说原文在语言上有什么问题。汉字都是单音节,多给一点细节,或一定的重复,并不觉得累赘。但在译文里,若将“强弱”、“大小”都加上,就显得啰嗦了。

例24

外国有的评论家说,中国的现行政策是不可逆转的。我认为这个看法是正确的。(DⅢ114)

Some commentators abroad say that China's current policy is irreversible. I think they are right. (120)

译文第二句的从句以they为主语,指前面一句的commentators,是对的。遇到这种场合,汉语说“某某人的话、说法、想法、看法是对的”,而不说“某某人是对的”。英语则恰恰相反。I think they are right才是地道的英语。

例25

二十年规划能否实现,关键就在这里。(DⅢ18)

This is crucial if we are going to fulfil the programme for the next two decades. (28)

这句话里最最重要的一个词就是“这里”,因为这两个字概括了前面所说的许多内容。所以,译文把this用作主语,放在最突出的位置,而把“关键”一词用形容词来处理了。

例26

今天,我来参加这个会议,主要是表示对教育工作的支持,并且向你们,向全国教育工作者表示慰问。(DⅢ120)

My purpose in attending this conference today is primarily to show my support for education and to salute you and the other workers in education throughout the country. (126)

此例原文并没有“意图”之类的字眼,但“主要是”三字引出的正是参加这个会议的目的。译文用my purpose作主语,可以使听众更多地注意讲话人这次参会的意义,而不是讲话人本人。

例27

周氏:花轿就要到了。(家14)

Zhou: Now the bride may arrive any moment.

汉语在这种场合不说“新娘子”,而说“花轿”,这的确是一种常见的说法。但我们的演员译者却用the bride作主语,大概是觉得这样可以尽快把准确的信息传达给外国的观众。

例28

所以过了几天,掌柜又说我干不了这事。幸亏荐头的情面大,辞退不得,便改为专管温酒的一种无聊职务了。(孔乙己)

So after a few days my employer decided I was not suited for this work. Fortunately I had been recommended by someone influential, so he could not dismiss me, and I was transferred to the dull work of warming wine.

这个例子很有趣。原文有三个主语:“掌柜”、“我”和“荐头的情面”,各出现一次。译文第二句用了被动语态,略去了“荐头的情面”,但加了两个I,一个he,一个me。这都是必需的。英语就是这个样子,该有主语的地方不能少,但又要相对集中,不要老换主语,这样才顺。说起不要老换主语,请看下面几个例子。

例29

幸而车夫早有点停步,否则伊定要栽一个大筋斗,跌到头破血出了。(一件小事)

Luckily the rickshaw man had slowed down, otherwise she would certainly have had a bad fall and it might have been a serious accident. (1956版)

Luckily the rickshaw man pulled up quickly, otherwise she would certainly have had a bad fall and been seriously injured. (1960版)

例30

我从乡下跑到京城里,一转眼已经六年了。其间耳闻目睹的所谓国家大事,算起来也很不少;但在我心里,都不留什么痕迹,倘要我寻出这些事的影响来说,便只是增长了我的坏脾气,——老实说,便是教我一天比一天的看不起人。(一件小事)

Six years have slipped by since I came from the country to the capital. During that time the number of so-called affairs of state I have witnessed or heard about is far from small, but none of them made much impression. If asked to define their influence on me, I can only say they made my bad temper worse. Frankly speaking, they taught me to take a poorer view of people every day. (1956版)

Six years have slipped by since I came from the country to the capital. During that time I have seen and heard quite enough of so-called affairs of state; but none of them made much impression on me. If asked to define their influence, I can only say they aggravated my ill temper and made me, frankly speaking, more and more misanthropic. (1960版)

例31

这是民国六年的冬天,大北风刮得正猛,我因为生计关系,不得不一早在路上走。一路几乎遇不见人,好容易才雇定了一辆人力车,教他拉到S门去。(一件小事)

It was the winter of 1917, a strong north wind was blustering, but the exigencies of earning my living forced me to be up and out early. I met scarcely a soul on the road, but eventually managed to hire a rickshaw to take me to S-Gate. (1956版)

It happened during the winter of 1917. A bitter north wind was blowing, but, to make a living, I had to be up and out early. I met scarcely a soul on the road, and had great difficulty in hiring a rickshaw to take me to S-Gate. (1960版)

例32

在这些时候,我可以附和着笑,掌柜是决不责备的。而且掌柜见了孔乙己,也每每这样问他,引人发笑。(孔乙己)

At such times, I could join in the laughter without being scolded by my master. In fact he often put such questions to Kung himself, to evoke laughter.

以上四例,前三例各有两个译文,这是因为第二次发表时,译者作了修改。你是不是觉得第二个译文更加顺畅?为什么?仔细一看,原来第一例删去了it,靠前面的主语一贯到底。第二、三例都以I代替了the number of…和the exigencies of…。第四例将原文的分句译成了介词短语,不需要引进新的主语。这样,主语相对集中,不至于让读者感觉老在换主语,句子就会顺一些。汉语勤于更换主语,不拿这当回事,何况汉语往往不要主语,只要有动词就行了。如果译文跟着原文走,再把原文缺失的主语都补上,那可不得了。切记,切记。

例33

开始的时候广东提出搞特区,我同意了他们的意见。(DⅢ239)

It was the leaders of Guangdong Province who first came up with the proposal that special zones be established, and I agreed. (236)

例34

我们就是根据这两个省积累的经验,制定了关于改革的方针政策。(DⅢ238)

It was on the basis of the experience accumulated by those two provinces that we worked out the principles and policies of reform. (235-236)

此二例都用了It is…that…这一句型,完全是为了加强语气。前一例原文是“广东提出”,在这种场合,英语喜欢由人提出,因此译文加了leaders。后一例提到“这两个省”,指的是四川省和安徽省。

有时只需要说明要做某事,但无需说明由谁来做,在这种情况下,译文可以用it引导后面接动词不定式这一结构,或者用there is结构。

例35

搞社会主义,一定要使生产力发达。(DⅢ225)

To build socialism it is necessary to develop the productive forces. (223)

例36

我们坚持社会主义,要建设对资本主义具有优越性的社会主义,首先必须摆脱贫穷。(DⅢ225)

To uphold socialism, a socialism that is to be superior to capitalism, it is imperative first and foremost to eliminate poverty. (223)

例37

怎样打破军民界限、部门地方界限,合理使用,把全国的科技人员使用起来,并且使用得当,是个很大的问题。(DⅢ17)

It is imperative to find ways to break down the barriers between the military and the civilian, between departments and between local areas and to make proper use of the talents of the scientists and technicians throughout the country. (27)

例38

进行全面的经济体制改革需要有勇气,胆子要大,步子要稳。这是我们党和国家当前压倒一切的最艰巨的任务。(DⅢ130)

It takes courage to carry out a comprehensive reform of the economic structure; we must be determined and proceed steadily. Right now, for our Party and country, reform is the task that takes precedence over everything else and that is the most difficult. (134)

例39

做到粮食基本过关不容易,要从各方面努力,在规划中要确定用什么手段来达到这个目标。(DⅢ23)

It is no easy thing to produce enough grain; it calls for efforts by several different sectors. The overall plan should include specific means by which to achieve this goal. (32-33)

例40

深圳经济特区是个试验,路子走得是否对,还要看一看。它是社会主义的新生事物。搞成功是我们的愿望,不成功是一个经验嘛。(DⅢ130)

The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone is an experiment. It will be some time before we know whether we are doing the right thing there. It is something new under socialism. We hope to make it a success, but if it fails, we can learn from the experience. (134)

这几个例子,有的原文有主语,有的原文没有主语,但每个句子都有一个关键性词语,如:“一定要”、“必须”、“是个很大的问题”、“要有勇气”、“不容易”、“还要看一看”。有时原文主语很长,第三例主语部分就有36字之多。若照原文结构来译,不但句子难以安排,重点也不突出。而英语句子喜欢突出重点,分出层次。因此这几例的译文用了英语特有的句式:It is...to...。这样重点突出,句子也好安排。最后一例与前五例不同,it作主语,引出时间,后面接的不是动词不定式,而是从句。这是it的另外一种用法,它可以引出时间、日期、距离、天气等。

例41

比如,从增加肥料上,从改良种子上,从搞好农田基本建设上,从防治病虫害上,从改进管理上,以及其他手段上,能够做些什么,增产多少,都要有计算。(DⅢ23)

For instance, there should be separate figures for the amount of additional grain to be produced through the use of more fertilizer, through the use of improved varieties of seeds, through improved capital construction, through prevention and control of plant diseases and elimination of pests, through better management and so on. (33)

此例原文先出修饰语,最重要的话最后才出场。译文以there should be引导,把最重要的话最先说出,重点突出,后面有多少修饰语都不怕。你说是不是?

上次讨论结束的时候,我们谈到要对语言感兴趣,要研究语言。尤其谈到要作语言对比,研究两种语言各自的特点。研究的重点应该放在哪里呢?句子结构。

我们考察一下翻译工作的实际情况,就明白了。领一项翻译任务时,拿到的一般都是整篇的东西,而不是个别的词语。一篇之内也可能有几个词语比较难译,重点处理一下就行了。大量的工作是翻译句子。把句子处理好了,稍微照顾一下句子之间的联系,也就是我们常说的上下文,段落也就好了,集段成文,整篇译文也就出来了。然后是复核、通读等扫尾工作。由此看来,译者的主要精力是怎样把每个句子安排好。所谓研究两种语言各自的特点,主要就是要研究两种语言在句子结构方面的差异。

前不久,出席第四届“《英语世界》杯”翻译大赛颁奖大会,听了刘士聪教授一席话。他就强调“要写好句子”。这话太对了,说到点子上了,真可谓不谋而合。

根据我的观察,英汉两种语言在句子结构方面的第一重大差异就体现在主语上。以下三点值得注意。

首先,地位不同。汉语主语在句中的地位远不如英语主语在句中的地位重要。汉语的句子往往没有主语。仔细看鲁迅的作品,会看到挺长的一段话,主语只出现一次。其中有些动作交叉进行,没有主语也不会乱。这样的句子并不限于文学作品,政论里有时也有这种情况。英语则不然,那主语可真是一句之主,不能缺位,后边的话从形式到内容都得围着它转,好不威风。因此,引出第二点和第三点。

第二,补主语。在原文没有主语的情况下,就要在句内句外寻找线索,看动作是谁做的,就拿谁来作主语。此事并不十分难做,真正难做的是第三点。

第三,处理好主谓关系。有时原文虽有主语,但译文不能保持原文的主谓搭配。这就需要调整主语,或调整谓语,或改变句式,主谓一起调整。译文的句子结构和原文有所不同,这是很正常的。

美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida写过很多书,其中最有影响的,是他与Charles R. Taber合著的一本,题目是The Theory and Practice of Translation,他们在书中写道:“To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed.”

真是一语道破了天机。


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