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十七 成语

书籍名:《译海一粟:汉英翻译九百例》    作者:庄绎传
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    《译海一粟:汉英翻译九百例》十七 成语,页面无弹窗的全文阅读!



根据《现代汉语词典》,成语是“人们长期以来习用的、简洁精辟的定型词组或短句。汉语的成语大多由四个字组成,一般都有出处。”从收集到的例子看,成语有三种译法。

第一,用相应的英语成语或词语。

例1

高水平的大学,必须要有“杂交优势”。许多发达国家的著名高校,不但领导和老师来自五湖四海,而且研究生也是如此。(L159)

A university of high caliber has got to have a "hybrid" make-up. In many famous universities in developed countries, leaders and teachers hail from all corners of the world, as do their graduate students. (157)

例2

我们普及艺术歌曲,应当提倡艺术歌曲的群众化,不要使它成为曲高和寡的“阳春白雪”。(L372)

When we promote art songs, we need to make them accessible to the masses. On no account should we turn them into highbrow affairs with limited followers. (375)

看到“阳春白雪”往往首先想到的一个词就是highbrow,汉英词典一般也用这个词来解释这一词条。这个词不但意思吻合,就连因过于高雅而难为大众所接受这点贬义,也与原文完全一致。

例3

实际上,五十年只是一个形象的讲法,五十年后也不会变。前五十年是不能变,五十年之后是不需要变。所以,这不是信口开河。(DⅢ267)

As a matter of fact, 50 years is only a vivid way of putting it. Even after 50 years our policy will not change either. That is, for the first 50 years it cannot be changed, and for the second there will be no need to change it. So this is not just idle talk.(262)

最后一句的“信口开河”译作idle talk。这个说法虽然算不上成语,却是一个常见的搭配。有的英语词典在解释idle一词的用法时,就以此为例。

例4

你刚才讲的发展两党两国关系的意见,我完全同意。我们之间过去的问题一风吹,一切向前看。(DⅢ256)

I quite agree with the suggestion you just made about developing relations between our two parties and our two countries. Let our former problems be water over the dam, and let us look to the future. (252)

有些英语词典只收了water under the bridge,未收water over the dam。这两个说法的意思是一样的,都表示已成过去之事,不必多想。

例5

克明:我们不要以妇人之见,来揣测这样一个博大的君子。(家130)

Keming: We mustn't allow these old wives' tales to tarnish the honour of such a magnanimous gentleman!

例6

克明:我们大家都应该尽全力把这匹害群之马弄回来。他闯下的祸够大了。你是长房长孙,你有责任在身的,我可不想让你做一个不孝的子孙。(家280)

Keming: We should all work together to bring the black sheep back to the fold, he has done enough damage. It is your duty as the eldest grandson of the senior branch to see to this. I don't want you to bear the bad name of an unworthy descendant.

第二,直译。

例7

自古以来,中华传统美德就深深熔铸在以爱国主义为核心的团结统一、爱好和平、勤劳勇敢、自强不息的伟大民族精神之中。(L320-321)

Since time immemorial, the finest Chinese traditions and values have been deeply engrained in a national spirit of unity, peace, diligence, courage and ceaseless self-improvement, with love for the motherland at the core. (322)

例8

世界上先进技术发展很快,发展速度不是用年来计算,而是用月、用日来计算的,叫做“日新月异”。(DⅡ112)

The world's advanced technologies continue to develop rapidly, with the rate of development no longer calculated in terms of years, but in terms of months, and even in terms of days, a trend which we call "changes coming with each passing day".(122)

例9

无数的事实说明,只有把全副身心投入进去,专心致志,精益求精,不畏劳苦,百折不回,才有可能攀登科学高峰。(DⅡ94)

It has been demonstrated countless times that only those who devote themselves heart and soul to their work, who constantly strive for perfection and fear neither hardship nor disappointment can reach the pinnacles of science. (106)

例10

这些重要的方针、政策、法律、文件,我把它们比做“尚方宝剑”。我们要善于运用这些“尚方宝剑”来统一思想。(L95)

I likened these principles, policies, documents and laws to the "imperial sword"—symbols of supreme authority. We need the "imperial sword" to focus our minds and actions. (87)

例11

高等教育体制改革任重道远(L99)

Higher education reform: a weighty responsibility and a long way to go (91)

例12

江苏省和两校的领导都赞成我的建议,两校终于“喜结良缘”。这也是“借东风”,因势利导。(L98-99)

Leaders of Jiangsu Province and leaders of the two schools liked the idea, and it didn't take long for them to get "hitched". Isn't this a typical example of seizing the opportunity and giving adroit guidance in the light of actual circumstances? (91)

例13

两千多年前孔子就提出“因材施教”的思想,这是我国教育的好传统,今天更应当发扬光大。(L164-165)

Over two thousand years ago Confucius already raised the idea of teaching in accordance with a student's aptitude; today we must carry forward this good Chinese educational tradition.(162)

例14

高校学生不仅要读书,还要用书,用理论去解决实践问题。古人云“学以致用”嘛。(L165-166)

University students must not just read books; they must also use books and theories to solve practical problems. To quote an ancient's admonition, "You study something in order to use it." (164)

例15

中央部委所属的高等院校虽然历史较长、基础较牢,但由于数量太多,经费有限,主管部门鞭长莫及,高校发展步履维艰。(L81)

The universities run by central ministries and commissions had solid programs and distinguished histories, but were too much for their respective governing departments to handle, given the funding constraints and steady proliferation of the schools. The going was tough for them. (70)

例16

“总之,我认为你们实际上比他们有钱。”这位校长虽然没有正面回答我,从其表情上已看出他确是“藏富不露”。(L102)

"It seems to me, you are richer than the rest." The dean did not answer me directly, but from his expression I could tell the college was rich but he was trying not to show it. (95)

例17

固定的模式是没有的,也不可能有。墨守成规的观点只能导致落后,甚至失败。(DⅢ292)

There are not and cannot be fixed models. Sticking to conventions can only lead to backwardness or even failure. (285)

例18

我们相信,按照这些方针政策搞下去,会获得成功。另一方面,也还有风险,不会是一帆风顺的。(DⅢ260)

We believe that as long as we carry out these principles and policies, we shall succeed. On the other hand, there are still risks ahead, and we cannot expect smooth sailing all the way. (255)

以上诸例,译文贴近原文,不仅表达了原文词语的具体含义,甚至保留了原文使用的形象。这样译的好处是可以让读者知道原文究竟说了些什么。

例19

地方自己还有许多“亲儿子”嗷嗷待哺,压力也很大,因此中央所属院校也难以得到地方的有力支持,从而加剧了高校办学上的两难困境。(L81)

Localities, for their part, had their hands full providing for their "own children"—they had little resources to spare for centrally run universities. Thus both central ministries and commissions and local governments found themselves in a deep predicament. (71)

此例原文“嗷嗷待哺”,非常生动。译文had their hands full providing for their "own children",一连串的形象性词语已很生动,“嗷嗷待哺”的意思也已包含其中,因此字面上没有译。若在children之前再加hungry,是不是也太别扭了。还是不加为好。

例20

例如上面我提到的,1998年国务院进行机构改革,撤销了9个部门,“皮之不存,毛将焉附?”部门都没有了,部门所属的那些高校怎么办?(L96)

One such opportunity appeared during the 1998 State Council organizational reshuffle, in which nine ministries were abolished. Now that these ministries were gone, what was to be done with the universities under their charge? (88)

“皮之不存,毛将焉附?”是一个比喻,具体内容也就是后面的话。原文以一句古话开路,引出下文,显得非常生动。译文当然以具体内容为重,又不想重复,所以只好割爱了。

例21

而他们的邻居,住的却是一个又破又穷的寒窑,可能比戏剧里王宝钏武家坡的寒窑好不了多少,全家在那里苦熬。(L259-260)

Their next-door neighbor, on the other hand, lived from hand to mouth in a shabby cave dwelling. (263)

原文用了一个典故,王宝钏在寒窑一住十八年,这个故事是中国文化的一部分,家喻户晓。中国读者看到这里,用不着解释,感到格外亲切。译文中的cave dwelling已够外国读者琢磨一阵子了,若再引入这个典故,还不知要费多少笔墨,到头来只会转移句子的重心,弄巧成拙。不译也罢。

第三,意译。

例22

现在世界的发展,特别是高科技领域的发展一日千里,中国不能安于落后,必须一开始就参与这个领域的发展。搞这个工程就是这个意思。(DⅢ279)

The world is developing; in particular, high technology is advancing at a tremendous pace. China must not be content to remain backward. It should participate in the development of high technology from the very beginning. That is the purpose of this project. (273)

例23

三是“借东风”,抓机遇。要推动改革,每一个重大的机遇都要抓住不放。(L96)

Third, don't let a good opportunity slip through your fingers. To promote reform you've got to act every time a good opportunity presents itself. (88)

例24

现在,广大干部特别是领导干部对科教兴国战略的重大意义、对基础教育的重大意义的认识有了很大提高,但并不是都能做到言行一致。(L237)

Most government functionaries, leaders in particular, have a good grasp of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, and of the importance of basic education. But this does not mean that everyone practices what they preach. (240)

例25

我们过去有一段时间,向先进国家学习先进的科学技术被叫作“崇洋媚外”。现在大家明白了,这是一种蠢话。我们派了不少人出去看看,使更多的人知道世界是什么面貌。关起门来,固步自封,夜郎自大,是发达不起来的。(DⅡ132)

For a certain period of time, learning advanced science and technology from the developed countries was criticized as "blindly worshiping foreign things". We have come to understand how stupid this argument is. Therefore, we have sent many people abroad to familiarize themselves with the outside world. China cannot develop by closing its door, sticking to the beaten track and being self-complacent. (143)

例26

对于高校发展的方向,我们必须采取实事求是的态度,不要好高骛远,不要“刮风”,更不要盲目攀比。(L101)

With regard to development goals, we should take a pragmatic attitude. Let's refrain from setting unrealistic aims and over-blowing things, let alone trying to "keep up with the Joneses." (94)

例27

令人感到欣慰的是,教育部、财政部、中国人民银行、国务院法制办等部门正在总结经验,进一步采取措施,使助学贷款制度走上更加规范化、法制化的路子,使这项雪中送炭的业务得到持续快速健康的发展。(L118)

To our gratification, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance, the People's Bank of China and the Office of Legislative Affairs of the State Council are summing up their experience and taking further measures to standardize and institutionalize the student loan system, and ensure fast, sustained growth of this business by giving timely help to those who need it. (112-113)

例28

不要因为小的曲折而缩手缩脚,不敢大胆前进。(DⅢ256)

We shall not allow minor reverses to discourage us from moving boldly forward. (252)

例29

我总是告诉我的同志们不要怕冒风险,胆子还要再大些。如果前怕狼后怕虎,就走不了路。(DⅢ263)

I always tell my comrades not to be afraid of risks but to be daring. We shall get nowhere if we are plagued by fears. (258)

例30

王氏:我说不去吧!三老爷院子差一点落了一个炮弹!不哭了,不哭了。(家172)

Wang: What did I say! A cannon shot barely missed Third Master's courtyard! Don't cry now, don't cry.

沈氏:菩萨保佑!菩萨保佑!

Shen: O Buddha, have mercy! Have mercy!

王氏:哪都不安全,现在只有听天由命了。

Wang: It's not safe anywhere; we can only sit and wait.

例31

王氏:三个月见不着你的面,我好几次派人去看你。侯门似海,总是东推西托地见不着你的面,究竟是怎么回事?(家234)

Wang: For three months we couldn't even see you. I sent people over several times, but with one excuse or another, they were never allowed to set foot inside the colossal Feng mansions. What was going on behind all this?

婉儿:太太——

Grace: Mistress—

以上各例中的成语都是用意译的方法翻译的。所谓“意译”,也就是不保留原文的词语和形象,只表现成语作为一个整体的含义。其实汉语在使用一个成语时,想到的也是其整体的含义。如“雪中送炭”,使用时我们并不想到下雪,送的也不是炭。它只是借此意境来表示把东西送到急需的人手里。既然如此,译文只要表达成语的整体含义就行了。若真逐字翻译出来,恐怕要弄得读者不知所云了。



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